The Passion and Reason 15
The book
Passion and Reason provides clear definitions and descriptions
of 15 separate emotions. These are:
- Anger Conspecific threat,
trespass, loss attributed to an agent, unjust insult, thwarted
goals, plea for justice
- Envy Desiring other's
stature objects
- Jealousy Threat to sexual access.
- Fright Concern for a future specific
unpleasant event.
- Anxiety Concern for an unidentified
unpleasant event.
- Guilt You have a standard and I did
not meet it.
- Shame I have a standard and I did not
meet it
- Relief Anticipated undesirable
outcome has not occurred
- Hope Anticipation of future desirable
event or outcome
- Sadness A specific undesirable
outcome has occurred
- Depression lost hope
- Happiness A desirable event or outcome
has occurred
- Pride I approve of my actions, I have
met a standard (mine = smug, yours = authentic)
- Love Attraction and caring
- Gratitude Appreciating another's
kindness
- Compassion Feeling the pain of
another
- Aesthetic Experience Awe, wonder, and slight fear of nature
and its creations.
The Rationalized 22
The book
The Cognitive Structure of Emotions describes these 22
distinct emotions in an organized structure:
Appraisal of an event:
- Joy
(contented, cheerful, delighted, ecstatic, elated, euphoric, feeling
good, glad, happy, joyful, jubilant, pleasantly surprised, pleased)
Pleased by the appraisal of an event
- Distress
(depressed, distressed, displeased, dissatisfied, distraught,
feeling bad, feeling uncomfortable, grief, homesick, lonely,
lovesick, miserable, regret, sad, shock, uneasy, unhappy, upset)
displeased by the appraisal of an event
Fortune of others:
- Happy-for
(delighted-for,
happy-for, pleased-for)
Pleased about an event
desirable for another
- Sorry-for (compassion, pity, sad-for, sorry-for, sympathy)
Displeased about an event undesirable for another
- Resentment (envy,
jealousy, resentment) Displeased about an event desirable for another
- Gloating
(gloating, Schadenfreude)
Pleased about an event undesirable for another
Appraisal of an agent's action:
- Pride
(pride)
Approving of ones own action
- Shame
(embarrassment, feeling guilty, mortified, self-blame,
self-condemnation, self-reproach, shame, (psychologically)
uncomfortable, uneasy)
Disapproving of ones own action
- Admiration
(admiration, appreciation, awe, esteem, respect)
Approving of anothers action
- Reproach
(appalled, contempt, despise, distain, indignation, reproach)
Disapproving of anothers action
Appraisal of an Object:
- Love
(adore, affection, attracted-to, like, love)
Liking an appealing object
- Hate
(aversion, detest, disgust, dislike, hate, loathe, repelled-by,
revulsion)
Disliking an unappealing object
Appraisal of a possible future (prospective) event:
- Hope
(anticipation, excitement, expectancy, hope, hopeful, looking
forward to)
Pleased about a prospective desirable event
- Fear
(apprehensive, anxious, cowering, dread, fear, fright, nervous,
petrified, scared, terrified, timid, worried)
Displeased about a prospective undesirable event
- Satisfaction
(gratification, hopes-realized, satisfaction)
Pleased about an confirmed desirable event
- Relief
(relief)
Pleased about a disconfirmed undesirable event
- Fears-confirmed
(fears-confirmed, worst fears realized)
Displeased about a confirmed undesirable event
- Disappointment
(dashed-hopes, despair, disappointment, frustration, heartbroken)
Displeased about a disconfirmed desirable event
Compound Emotions:
- Gratification
(gratification, pleased-with-oneself, self-satisfaction, smug)
Pride + joy
- Gratitude
(appreciation, feeling indebted, thankful)
Admiration + joy
- Anger
(anger, annoyance,
exasperation, fury, incensed, indignation, irritation, livid,
offended, outrage, rage)
Reproach + distress
- Remorse
(penitent, remorse, self-anger)
Shame + distress
The Goleman Categories
In appendix A of his book
Emotional Intelligence
Daniel Goleman proposes these basic families of emotions:
- Fear:
(Safety) anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, concern,
consternation, misgiving, wariness, qualm, edginess, dread,
fright, terror and in the extreme cases phobia and panic.
- Anger: (Justice) fury, outrage, resentment, wrath, exasperation,
indignation, vexation, acrimony, animosity, annoyance,
irritability, hostility, and perhaps these are manifest in
the extreme as hatred and
violence.
- Sadness:
(Loss) grief, sorrow, cheerlessness, gloom, melancholy,
self-pity, loneliness, dejection, despair, and
depression in
the extreme case.
- Enjoyment: (Gain) happiness,
joy,
relief, contentment, bliss,
delight, amusement, pride, sensual pleasure, thrill,
rapture, gratification, satisfaction, euphoria, whimsy,
ecstasy, and at the far edge, mania.
- Love:
(Attraction) acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness,
affinity, devotion, adoration, infatuation, and agape.
- Disgust:
(Repulsion)
contempt, distain, scorn, abhorrence, aversion,
distaste, and revulsion
- Surprise:
(Attention) shock, astonishment, amazement,
and wonder
- Shame:
(Self-control)
guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse,
humiliation, regret, mortification, and contrition.
And Also:
It is likely that the variation and discrepancies among
these lists result from a
reification
fallacy. The abstraction that we loosely call emotion is
not real, it is not well-defined, and it most likely
describes a composite of disparate real phenomenon that are
not yet well understood.
Non-Emotions
In his 1991 book, Emotion and Adaptation ,
Richard Lazarus lists several mental states that may be
emotion related, but are not themselves actual emotions. The
list includes the complex states of: grief and depression;
the ambiguous positive states of: expansiveness, awe,
confidence, challenge, determination, satisfaction, and
being pleased; the ambiguous negative states of: threat,
frustration, disappointment, helplessness, meaningless, and
awe; the mental confusion states of bewilderment and
confusion; the arousal states of: excitement, upset, distress,
nervousness, tension, and agitation; and finally the
pre-emotions of: interest, curiosity, amazement,
anticipation, alertness, and surprise.
Note he included awe and depression
in the list of emotions described in his later book, Passion
and Reason. Also, Paul Ekman includes surprise in his list
of basic emotions.
Other mental states, such as bored, alert, drowsy, and
trance are also not emotions.

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